Relevance of Scientific Management and Equity †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Relevance of Scientific Management and Equity. Answer: Introduction The advent of globalization has revolutionized the way the various companies as well as the business organizations conduct their overall business (Wright 2016). Therefore, in the modern context strategy and effective planning form an important part of the overall business program. It is commonly seen that the various companies as well as the business organizations develop their strategies and overall business plan taking into consideration the needs and the requirements of the business and also the customers. It is seen that with this particular view in mind the various companies as well as the business organizations spend considerable amount of time and resources on workforce planning, strategic remuneration models and costing, strategic rewards and incentives, industrial relations strategies and practices and HR evaluation (Daley 2012, pp.120-125). This report will take into consideration these aspects of the company Johor Insurance and its partner company CUAP. It is to be noted t hat the company Johor Insurance was at one point of time one of the largest insurance companies of Singapore however with the advent of the latest technologies and the rise of other competitors the company has lost much of its market value and is now on the point of bankruptcy. A new lease of life was infused in the company with the creation of a separate branch of organization which is called by the name of CUAP. It is to be noted that in view of the diminishing business of the Johor Insurance the workforce planning upsizing, downsizing, reallocation has become an important aspect of the entire business plan of the insurance company (Williams 2013). Therefore, the company should try to focus on the effective utilization of the workforce at their disposal. It is normally seen that there are several sections in the company were the work required of the employees is very less and the employees therefore just while away their time. The company can minimize the amount of staffs in these sections to mitigate the amount of economic expenditure incurred by it (Beach 2014). One particular segment of the Johor Insurance deals with the adjusters as well as the claims section. It is to be noted that the company sends the employees who are unable to perform better to the claims sections as well as the customer care section where the work pressure is minimum ("JOHOR 1980" 2018). It is often seen that the work pressure at the claims as well as customer sections is minimum and the night staff of the company receives less than three calls every night. However, the company shells out a significant amount of extra capital to make the employees work night. Therefore, if the company reduces the number of staff in this particular section it will be able to save significant amount capital. Another segment is the adjuster. It is to be noted that the company employees full time adjusters to deal with the adjustment of the claims ("JOHOR 1980" 2018). However, if the company employs freelancers then instead of paying them regular salary it can just pay incentives depending on the amount of work which they complete. Strategic remuneration models and costing Another factor which the company needs to take into consideration is the strategic remuneration models and costing. It is to be noted that the company Johor Insurances pays a higher salary to the employees in order to retain them ("JOHOR 1980" 2018). However, in the light of the current financial crisis which the company is facing at the moment the company really needs to start taking into consideration the kind of work which the particular employee under consideration is doing and then pay him or her salary as per that (Al-Zawahreh, Abdelghafour, and Faisal Al-Madi. 2012, pp.158-170). It is here that the concept of equity payment comes into significance. It is to be noted that the present day companies use the concept of equity payment to determine the salary of the employees on the basis of the amount as well as the kind of work which they perform (Bell, Reginald, and Jeanette Martin 2012). In the context of the company Johor Insurance for example, the employees belonging to the sa les section should be getting more salary than the ones belonging to the claims or the adjusters section as the amount of work which they are required to do is much more significant as well as difficult in comparison to the ones which the claims and the adjusters section does (Bell, Reginald, and Jeanette Martin 2012). It is to be noted that the company provides almost equal amount of salary to all these sections. However, this should not be case as the person or the section of the company which is doing more work or giving more productivity should be given a higher amount of salary. It is to be noted that equity between men and women in terms of salary which they get also forms an important aspect that the various companies need to take into consideration (Daley 2012, pp.120-125). The company Johor Insurance pays almost equal amount of salary to all its employees irrespective of the kind as well as the amount of which they do in the company. As already mentioned earlier the company needs to introduce equity payment for the employees and at the same time the company also needs to take into consideration the fact of the gender equity payment for the process. Here also, the company can take into consideration the amount as well as the kind of work which the female and the male employees of the company are doing and if the contribution of both of them is similar then the company should pay them equal salary irrespective of gender and other factors. Strategic rewards and incentives Strategic rewards and incentives are another aspect which the company needs to take into consideration for the retention of the skilled employees. This section of the paper will take into the one employee from the Johor insurance and one employee from the CUAP section. The employee selected from the Johor insurance sector is the sales personnels or the members of the sales team. It is to be noted that the sales personnels do the most siginificant amount of work in the company in comparison to the other employees of the company as they are imbued with the responsibility of sale of the insurance packages ("JOHOR 1980" 2018). However, it is to be noted that they a salary package which is on par with the salary of the other employees of the company. Therefore, the company needs to come up with rewards as well as incentives in order to motivate the sales personnels and also to reward the extra hard work which they put in for their work. In case of the CUAP, the sales personnels are again the most important employees of the company as they are imbued with the responsibility to bring in more customers as well as clients ("JOHOR 1980" 2018). Therefore, they should be getting a higher salary as well as incentive package in comparison to the other employees of the company keeping in view the kind as well as the amount of work which they need to do. In short, the company basically needs to follow the concept of equity payment for the rewards as well as incentives which are provided to the employees. It is to be noted that according to the precepts of the equity payment a person is doing lesser amount of work and is less productive to the company should not be a salary which is almost equal to the salary which a person who is doing more amount of work and is more productive to the company (Al-Zawahreh, Abdelghafour, and Faisal Al-Madi. 2012, pp.158-170). However, it is to be noted that the amount of work which the employees of the Johor insurance need to perform is compara tively lesser in amount to the work which the employees of the CUAP need to do since the company CUAP works on a global basis and the kinds of insurance which they offer to the customers is much more varied than the ones offered by the company Johor Insurance. Therefore, as the precepts of the equity payment system the salary of the employees of the CUAP should be higher in comparison to the employees of the Johor Insurance. The organization should try to provide team incentives in addition to the individual incentives to the various employees of the organization on the basis of the kind of performance they give. TAFEP and NWC It is to be noted that the various companies as well as the business organizations of the country of Singapore need to follow the precepts of Tripartite Alliance for Fair and Progressive Employment Practices (TAFEP), National Wages Council (NWC) and others for providing the equal wages as well as incentives to the employees (Poole 2013). The company Johor Insurance and CUAP also follows these stipulations of the government of Singapore for the wages which they provide to the employees. However, it is to be noted that these stipulations calls for equal amount of wages to almost all the equal and if the company Johor Insurance and CUAP follows these stipulations then are likely to incur a considerable amount of economic loss as all the employees belonging to the company do not perform the same kind of work or give equal amount of productivity to the company (Kelly 2012). Therefore, the company needs to break away from these legislative norms and introduce equity payment norms which sta tes that the employees should be given salary based on the amount of productivity or work which they are providing to the company. It is significant to note that the major contributors in the company are the employees belonging to the sales team and the other teams just perform the background jobs or the follow. Therefore, if the company goes on to follow the equity pay system then that would not only be unfair to the employees belonging to the sales team but would also be a huge loss to the company as it would be paying salaries to the employees not on the basis of their performance. It is significant to note that the CUAP is a new company and therefore it needs to take into consideration the minimum wages rates offered by it. It is often seen that the companies offer a higher lower wage to the employees in a bid to retain them and also to attract more employees. However, if the company CUAP follows a higher low wage policy of NWC then the company is likely to incur a significant l oss. HR evaluation It is to be noted HR evaluation is another thing which the various modern companies as well as business organizations take into consideration in their overall business plan. It is to be noted that in the present times the HRs need to take into consideration the human performance that will enable effective decisions to be made regarding the function and value creation in organizations (Beach 2014). It is commonly seen that an effective HR system is considered to be one which leads to the overall growth as well as the development of the organization or the company considered. It is to be noted that there are several measurement criteria for the evaluation of the HR system namely, types of costbenefit analyses, HR Activity Index and several others (Williams 2013). There are several impediments to the effective evaluation of the HR system as well like time consumption, resources, difficulty in the data collection and others. It is to be noted that the data required for the effective eval uation of the HR system can be collected through various ways like survey, interviews, questionnaires and others. Therefore, the companies Johor Insurance as well as CUAP need to develop effective HR systems which will introduce the concept of equity payment system in the company which forms an important part of the modern day business organizations and companies. It is to be noted that for this particular evaluation various information will be collected like the resignation and retention rates and others on a periodical basis like after every three months. In addition to this, surveys will also be done to get the opinion of the employees to about the performance of the HR. The HR will also be required to manage the stress level of the employees in the best possible manner. The HRM can conduct regular surveys with the employees in a bid not only to check the satisfaction level of the employees but also to monitor the performance of the various HRs of the company. Furthermore, the co mpany can take the help of the various medical clinics to monitor the level of stress faced by the employees in the workplace. This will help the HRM to devise effective strategies for the mitigation of the level of stress faced by the employees. The HRM can also collect the relevant amount of data regarding the MC rates of the employees from the various contracted clinics. It is significant to note that the employees with higher rate of MC will have lesser chances of promotion and therefore the HRM as well as the employees will have to take this into consideration. Conclusion Therefore, from the above discussion it becomes clear that there are various aspects which the modern day companies as well as business organizations need to take into consideration. One of the major things which the present day companies need to take into consideration is the concept of equity payment. As seen in the case of Johor Insurance and CUAP the company provides equal payment to all the employees which should not be the case. The company should provide salary to the employees on the basis of the kind as well as the amount of work which do and the benefits which they provide to the company or the organization concerned. It is to be noted that policy of equity payment will also help the various companies as well as business organizations to retain their top performing employees. The various companies in the nations of Singapore also need to follow the diverse precepts of the TAFEP and NWC regarding the conduct of their business operations. References "JOHOR 1980". 2018. School of Business and Governance. Al-Zawahreh, Abdelghafour, and Faisal Al-Madi. "The utility of equity theory in enhancing organizational effectiveness."European journal of economics, finance and administrative sciences46 (2012): 158-170. Beach, Lee Roy, ed.Decision making in the workplace: A unified perspective. Psychology Press, 2014. Bell, Reginald, and Jeanette Martin. "The relevance of scientific management and equity theory in everyday managerial communication situations." (2012). Daley, Dennis M. "Strategic human resources management."Public Personnel Management(2012): 120-125. Kelly, John.Rethinking industrial relations: Mobilisation, collectivism and long waves. Routledge, 2012. Miner, John B.Organizational behavior 1: Essential theories of motivation and leadership. Routledge, 2015. Nankervis, Alan R., Marian Baird, Jane Coffey, and John Shields. "Human resource management: strategy and practice." (2013). Poole, Michael.Industrial relations: origins and patterns of national diversity. Vol. 4. Routledge, 2013. Shields, John, Michelle Brown, Sarah Kaine, Catherine Dolle-Samuel, Andrea North-Samardzic, Peter McLean, Robyn Johns, Patrick O'Leary, Jack Robinson, and Geoff Plimmer.Managing Employee Performance Reward: Concepts, Practices, Strategies. Cambridge University Press, 2015. Williams, Chuck.Principles of management. South-Western Cengage Learning, 2013. Wright, Sue.Language policy and language planning: From nationalism to globalisation. Springer, 2016. Zavattaro, Staci M., Joshua J. Daspit, and Frank G. Adams. "Assessing managerial methods for evaluating place brand equity: A qualitative investigation."Tourism Management47 (2015): 11-21.

Leading Organizational Changes Samples for Students -Myassignment

Questions: 1.Develop at least Six Realistic Assumptions that you can add to the Issues and Problems Expressed. 2.In reference to the Classic article by Larry Greiner (Reading 10), Explain what is happening between growth and Change in BTS.3.How does the Problem Statement for BTS resemble what Gersick Indicates about a Systems Deep Structure?4.In reference to the article by Dailey and Browning Explain how and why Narratives and Storytelling was useful to the Company.5.Refer to Chapter 6 of Hayes (2014) under the heading Collaborative Modes of Intervening. Discuss which Modes might Change Agents in BTS use and Why?6.Given the Typology of Organisational, which typology may best Describe the approach that BTS Might Adopt and Why? Answers: 1.Development of realistic assumptions The developments of the realistic assumptions are as follows: Management- From the given case study, it could be assumed that, BTS lacks efficient management. Since the company is a 60 years old company, hence, it is largely owned mainly by the family, and thus, have a centralized decision making structure (Armenakis and Harris 2009). This management is rigid and is not flexible to accept much change in the organization. Change process- While few changes have been experienced by the organization the changes have been evolutionary, which came through incremental process. However, the company has not undergone drastic change (Burnes 2004). Managerial information system- BTS lacks an efficient and robust database. The lack of robustness results in lack of improvement with the pace of the rest of the world. 2.Relation between changes in BTS and growth Technology- The case study highlights the fact that, the workers are comfortable enough in working with the same old technology, without much need for up gradation. Thus, there is almost no modernization of technology in BTS. The article by Greiner highlights the position of the growing organization and is of the opinion that a growing company moves through five phases of development. The evolution and revolution of the company is dependent on the size of the company. BTS is not a very large company. It is a medium sized company, having a history of 60 years and a very rigid board. The growth of the company has been a slow one, since the company has not changed much in the past few years. The company has been adhering to the policies laid by the founder George, and does not wish to accept revolutionary changes. The various stages of evolution of the company BTS is dependent on the size and age of the company (Greiner 1972). Most of the companies having a steady growth does not expand for two years. The stages of revolution include substantial periods of turbulence. It is to be highlighted that BTS is having steady growth since it has ever faced any crisis. One of the major crises that is faced by the orga nizations, which hinders the growth of a company is leadership style (Hayes 2014). However, BTS has never faced such crisis. This is because, George and his son has been leading the company and its employees, in a particular leadership style. However, with new generation having MBA from Australia has been recruited in the company, thus, bring in changes in the leadership styles (Please see Appendix 1). The changes in the leadership style bring in changes in the perception of the new leaders. However, the company and its employees do not welcome the new perspectives. When the company was started, it was well managed by George and there were no issues regarding the leadership styles (Malhotra and Hinings 2015). However, with the grand children taken over, significant leadership changes have been witnessed. These new leaders have different perceptions and they have been trying to give the company a new direction. Hence, BTS have been facing the issues of leadership (Please see Appendix 2). Moreover, the assumption that the database lacks robustness could be mitigated using a change in technology, that would upgrade the technology of the database. This article by Malhotra and Hinings (2015), has a different opinion. This article highlights the fact that organizational changes are initiated out of organizational crisis. According to Malhotra and Hinings (2015), change is a continuous process and it needs to be managed continuously, by the managers and leaders. The appendix 3 highlights the process of continuity and changes. The new leadership style highlights the fact that changes are inevitable and the necessary changes in the process of work and working style needs to be done, as and when required (Malhotra and Hinings 2015). According to the figure 3, appendix 3, the case of BTS is proposing very high gravity of initiatives. As mentioned in the case study, the new generation leaders Tommy and Khadija wishes to bring about revolutionary changes in the organization. however they are inclined towards using the awareness blocking model, rather than the use of the awareness building model (Murray 2012). Since BTS do not have an e fficient MIS, hence the required changes needs to be communicated to the board members. The contrast between the articles by Malhotra and Greiner is the difference in the organizational growth. The article by Greiner highlights the fact that organizational changes are caused by evolution and revolutional changes Malhotra and Hinings (2015). However, the article by Malhotra suggests that organizational changes are caused form the organizational crisis. 3.Resemblance of problem statement of BTS and systems deep structure Gersick 1991, highlights the resemblance between the problem statement of BTS and the deep structure. The deep structure is one of the fundamental structures that determine the basic acidity of the organizations. This structure is one of the most stable structures since the choices made by the organization, rules out many other options. The board of BTS falls under the deep structure, since it has been working in a stable manner, and has not faced crisis (Y?lmaz and K?l?o?lu 2013). The deep structure is closely related to the drivers of change. in drivers of changes include the worldwide reduction of the barriers of investments, along with the market liberalization and adoption (Dailey and Browning 2014). The drivers of change in case of BTS includes the turbulent environment, organizational capability, smaller flexible companies, high skill of the workforces, new service industries, deregulation, advances in the technology (Tushman and OReilly 1996). One of the major drivers of chan ge in BTS is the turbulent environment. The work environment of BTS is in demand of revolutionary changes. This is a major driver of change in BTS. Moreover, highly skilled workforces in BTS prefer change in the organization, such that they are able to exhibit their innovation, might be a major driver of change. Since the company BTS has been taken over by the new and able leaders, they could conduct PESTEL analysis to determine the external forces that affects the organization, along with the SWOT analysis, in order to find the internal factors that affects the company. The conduction of PESTEL and SWOT would assist the new leaders to identify drivers of changes, other than the other mentioned ones. Though the changes are important and inevitable, yet some dilemmas are encountered. These include the renewal of culture, the intentional planning verses the adaptive thinking, radical transformation, empowerment as well as incremental changes. The cultural dilemma is faced, since BTS have been working in a particular culture for 60 years, which needs to be changed suddenly. Moreover, the process of adaptive thinking is opposite to that of the deep structure (Stoltzfus et al. 2011). The boards of BTS is a believer of the deep structure and hence not open to adaptive thinking. Along with these cultural dilemmas, the cognitive bias is also a factor, that does not welcome new changes. The members of the board are biased and are not open to accept the ideas of Tommy and his sister (Vaara et al. 2016). There is a great resemblance in the problem statement of BTS and the deep structure. Both of these abide by the old methods and traditions of the organization. The old and conventional meth ods are strict enough and are contradictory to the outlook of the new leaders Tommy and Khadija. Moreover, as the grandchildren tries to introduce the new culture, the board members are not ready to accept the changes. Moreover, the deep structure described by Gersick is similar to the problem that exists in BTS. The similarity among the two strengthens the fact that the board members of BTS is rigid and not ready to accept the changes. 4.Usefulness of narrative and storytelling to the company The article by Dailey and Browning sheds light on the significance of narrative and storytelling. The process of narrative and storytelling is important for business organizations. The organizational changes and the practices need to be communicated to the new generations of the organization (Waddell et al. 2011). The significant milestones of the company along with the important events of the past, that had a major impact on the organization is done in storytelling and narrative. The process of narrative and storytelling is applied in BTS and the tradition of the company is moved down to the next generations. The process of narrative and storing telling has a significant role to play in the company BTS. The style of management and leadership that is taken up by the new leaders includes the various important features that were there previously. Modjo retained the basic principles followed by George such as the organizational values, rewards to the employees, sick leaves given to the employees (Waddell et al. 2011). This was as a result of narrative story telling. Thus, narrative and storytelling is effective in BTS. However, as Tommy and Khadija came in picture, the narrative and storytelling had a break. This is because they preferred a revolutionary change in BTS rather than adhering to the old ways of work. The narrative and storytelling is important since the value, mission and vision of the founder is retained. However, while the narrative and storytelling is good for evolutionary changes, the revolutionary changes could not be facilitated. The various forms of narrative and storytelling that are useful in case of BTS are as follows: Gaining control of the behavior and patterns are obtained (Harper 2015). The resistance could be overcome by using narrative. Thus, narrative and storytelling has an essential role to play in the organizational changes. Thus, narrative and storytelling is essential and the process needs to be retained in BTS (Waddell et al. 2011). 5.Modes that might change agents in BTS Collaborative modes of intervening refer to the joint methods and collaboration among the employees, in order to bring in significant change in the organization. The change agents assist the work with the clients to help them to develop opportunities. However, various factors might contribute to becoming a barrier in this process. Emotional turmoil such as anger and stress might also act as a barrier. The board members did not welcome the changes that were being initiated by Tommy and Khadija in BTS. Both of them were being welcomed with resistance to the organizational changes that they initiated. The modes that might change agents in the company BTS could be explained using the Theorizing approach. This approach involves the change agents by identification of the theories and concepts that assists the people to identify the needs for the changes (Tushman and OReilly 1996). The mode of intervening could be used to convince the board members to accept the change, by making them under stand the necessity of the changes. The concept of theorizing could be used to make the board members understand the need of the changes that were being introduced by Tommy and Khadija. In the theorizing method, the board members are presented with a theory, that assists them to understand the problem as well as plan remedial actions (Harper 2015). Since both Tommy and Khadija were highly educated, hence they had already analyzed the SWOT and PESTEL of BTS, and based on the analysis, they were proposing the changes (Tushman and OReilly 1996). Devised with the analysis of the factors that affects the organization most, the grandchildren had proposed for the necessary changes for BTS (Harper 2015). However, the board members were believers of deep structures and were not being convinced to accept the changes brought in by Tommy and Khadija. Thus, the revolutionary changes that were planned by the grandchildren were retarded, thus hampering the production and organizational progress. 6.Typology that is best suited in BTS The process of reorientation includes redefinition of the business organization. This process is initiated with the anticipation of the future. The aim of the process of reorientations is to ensure the effective future of the organization. In case of BTS, the theory of reorientation could be used, to bring in the changes in BTS. With the combination of the two dimensions of changes, organizational typology of change could be designed. The process of reorientation could be used effectively in order to bring in the organizational changes. The process of reorientation involves the changes in the organizational process, and alignment with the new changes (Tushman and OReilly 1996). Using this in BTS, might be successful in bringing in the new changes successfully. Moreover, Tommy and Khadija could be successful in convincing the members of the board, to understand the need for the proposed changes, and accept it. Hence, the reorientation typology is best suited for BTS. With the process of reorientation, the board members could be reoriented to accept the changes, by understanding the effective of the changes for the benefit of the organization (Harper 2015). The reorientation typology is best suited for the BTS Company, as the members, processes and the basic organizational culture needs to be reoriented to match the leadership of the new leaders, Tommy and Khadija. Hence, this typology is successfully recommended for BTS (Tushman and OReilly 1996). Thus, to conclude it might be stated that BTS is in need of organizational changes, which would enhance the organizational production and procedure, along with achievement of customer satisfaction. Tommy and Khadija, the grandchildren of the founder George, were initiating the changes. Thought the changes are beneficial for the company, yet the board members against the revolutionary change that was being initiated by the grandchildren. Thus, organizational changes are inevitable; to keep pace with the progress of the world, and for BTS also, change cannot be resisted. References Armenakis, A.A. Harris, S. G. (2009), Reflections: Our journey in organizational change research and practice. Journal of Change Management, Vol.9, No. 2. 127-142 Burnes, B (2004), Managing change a strategic approach to organisational dynamics, 4thedn, Prentice Hall, Harlow, England, chapter 7, pp. 2508. Chapter 10 Cummings, T.G. and Worley, C.G., 2014.Organization development and change. Cengage learning. Dailey, S.L. Browning, L. (2014), Retelling stories in organizations: Understanding the functions of narrative repetition. Academy of Management Review, Vol. 39. No.1. 22-43. Frankland, R., Mitchell, C.M., Ferguson, J.D., Sziklai, A.T., Verma, A.K., Popowski, J.E. and Sturgeon, D.H., Applications In Internet Time, Llc, 2013.Integrated change management unit. U.S. Patent 8,484,111. Gersick, C.J., 1991. Revolutionary change theories: A multilevel exploration of the punctuated equilibrium paradigm.Academy of management review,16(1), pp.10-36. Greiner, L.E., 1972. Evolution and revolution as organizations grow. Harper, C., 2015.Organizations: Structures, processes and outcomes. Routledge. Hayes, J. (2014). The theory and practice of change management. 4th Edition. Palgrave MacMillan. New York. Malhotra, N. and Hinings, C.B., 2015. Unpacking continuity and change as a process of organizational transformation.Long Range Planning,48(1), pp.1-22. Murray, P. (2012), Training, Development, and Learning. In Jawad Syed and Robin Kramar (Eds), Human Resource Management in a Global Context: A Critical Approach, Sage Publications: London. Stoltzfus, K. Stohl, C, Seibold, D.R. (2011), Managing organization change: Paradoxical problems, solutions, and consequences. Journal of Organizational Change Management, Vol. 24, N0. 3. 349-367 Tushman, M.L. OReilly, C.A. (1996), Ambidextrous organizations: Managing evolutionary and revolutionary change. California Management Review, Vol. 38, No. 4. 8-30 Vaara, E., Sonenshein, S. and Boje, D., 2016. Narratives as sources of stability and change in organizations: Approaches and directions for future research.The Academy of Management Annals,10(1), pp.495-560. Waddell, D. M. Cummings, T.G. Worley, C.G. (2011), Organisational Change: Development Transformation. 4th Edition. Chapter 4. Worley, C.G. Mohrman, S.A. (2014), Is change management obsolete? Organizational Dynamics, 43, 214-224. Y?lmaz, D. and K?l?o?lu, G., 2013. Resistance to change and ways of reducing resistance in educational organizations.European journal of research on education,1(1), pp.14-21.

Middle Ages Essays - Christianization, Crusades, Invasions

Middle Ages The Christian Crusades Positively Impacted the East and the West Even though countless numbers of people died during the Christian Crusades, there were many positive effects for both the East and the West. After the Crusades halted, various trade routes opened up between Eastern and Western cities. Also, the Muslims developed new military strategies and techniques during the fights with the Europeans, and they united themselves against one cause, producing a stronger religious nation (Encyclop?dia Britannica, 1993). Numerous effects of the Christian Crusades in the Middle East had a positive outcome. In John Child's book, The Crusades, he quotes J. Kerr as claiming that the most obvious result of the crusades was a growth in trade with the east. According to a 1996 AP article printed in the Jerusalem Post, the English word sugar comes from the Arabic sukkar, and scallion comes from Ascalon, a Philistine city. Trade extended from England to the Black Sea, going through the ports of Beirut, Acre and Alexandria. After the loss of Acre in 1291, Cyprus, Rhodes and Crete were the three Mediterranean islands that composed some of the main crusader trading centers. From these three islands it was possible to control goods' ships traveling to and from the Middle East (Child, 1994). These trade routes generated a beneficial contact between the cultures of East and West. Many merchants from the cities of Venice and Genoa settled in Cyprus and Crete. From the Muslims these merchants bought spices, sugar, cloth and cotton. Other merchants from Sicily and Aragorn traded for Tunisian gold, and Algerian wool and animal skins. Popular goods traded from the Middle East were sugar, melons, cotton, ultramarine dye and damask cloth. Although the Pope tried to stop merchants from trading with the Muslims, he had to repeal his embargo in 1344. Though most of the traded goods came from the Middle East, the combined efforts from both East and West brought about many inventions, such as windmills, compasses, gunpowder and clocks. Figure 1 This trade between East and West caused prosperity among the people. Child states in his book that the merchants made a lot of money out of the trade with the Muslim people. After the Crusades had terminated, these merchants were able to prosper from trade between Europe and the Middle East. Outlined in Figure 1 are some trade routes utilized after the Crusades. During the Crusades, the Muslims used weaponry that the Franks were not familiar with. The battles during the Crusades led to the spread of siege engines, such as the mangonel, and the Franks learned how to employ fire as a missile. The Franks also learned new methods of creating fortifications. The use of armorial bearings may have originated in the Orient, and it is hypothesized that the Europeans learned many new ideas from looking at Arab armor (Encyclop?dia Britannica, 1993). European soldiers learned to protect themselves from the heat by imitating Muslim soldiers. The troops covered their heads and shoulders, and they wore light, loose clothing over their armor (MacDonald, 1993). This sharing of military machinery brought about positive effects for the people involved. In Europe and the Middle East, scholarly developments came along with the trade and military developments. After the Crusades, the use of northern European pointed arches became popular with Muslim architects (MacDonald, 1993). Muslim doctors still retained some of the Greek's knowledge of human anatomy; much of the information had been lost to the Europeans (Child, 1994). Many twelfth century European scientists voyaged to Arabian countries to study different methods and new ideas. Leonardo Fibonnaci, the first Christian algebraist, traveled to Syria and to Egypt to study with mathematicians there. Also, studies of language were initiated by many missionaries. In 1311, Raimon Lull, a missionary in the Orient, introduced six schools in Europe designed for the specific study of Oriental languages (Encyclop?dia Britannica, 1993). Literature appeared after the Crusades in great abundance. Some examples are Nathan der Weise by Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, Carmen Ambrosii and Chanson d'Antioche (Riley-Smith, 1995). The Crusades also brought new light upon old matters. Many old tales were redone with the spirit of crusading infused in them. The contact that occurred during the Crusades had many positive effects, and

Mark Twain Racist Or Realist Essays - Picaresque Novels,

Mark Twain Racist Or Realist Mark Twain, Racist or Realist? Introduction This paper examines Mark Twains work to determine whether or not he was racist. Racism is defined by The American Heritage Dictionary as the belief that one race is superior to others. Unfortunately the issue of race isnt black or white. There are many shades of gray in racism and even the most progressive thoughts of old seems conservative as progress enlightens new levels of thought. During his time, Twain was a forward thinking author who championed many causes, one of them being fair treatment of the downtrodden and oppressed. The only example of potential racism is his treatment of the Goshoot Indians in Roughing It. The main body of his work points to innovative anti-racist themes. Even if one admits that Twain fosters some derogatory stereotypes labeling his work scabrous, unassimiable, and perhaps unteachable to our own time is shortsighted and revisionist. Even if Twain was racist the process of learning is supposed to combat backwards teaching from our past through exposition and discussion (Wonham 40). I even learned from Mein Kampf and objections to Mark Twains potential racism pale in comparison to Hitlers crimes against humanity. Mark Twain certainly wasnt as politically correct as contemporary newsmen or politicians but his primary occupation was as a satirist. Even today successful comedians, from Saturday Night Live to The Tonight Show, use techniques similar to Twains irony, satire and burlesque. Every serious Twain scholar knows of Twains reputation as a burlesque humorist/satirist as well as his anti-imperialist and anti-religious tendencies. The scholar must be careful when labeling or categorizing Twains work because of his frequent use of sarcasm but Twain definitely liked blacks and abhorred slavery. His treatment of Natives and the Chinese was questionable when looked at apart from his work as a whole, but he slammed the white race more mercilessly than he ever condemned any other race. Sadly, the cynical and sarcastic Mark Twain can never be fully understood because only he knew what thoughts he was trying to convey. Twain often used burlesques to get a point across by showing the ignorant how ignorant they actually are. In Huck Finn, Twain linked religion and slavery by showing how the former can pervert knowledge and cause acceptance of the latter over objections of conscience. When Huck is born again, he forgets his vow to aid Jim, and his euphoria as being born again resembles the feeling of being light as a feather that he experiences after deciding to turn Jim over to the slave-catchers (Fulton 83). This commentary is as much about the sorry state of slavery as it is about slaverys Biblical foundation. James L. Johnson dedicated Mark Twain and the Limits of Power to outlining how, like Emerson, Twains solipsism is a fundamental ingredient in much of [his] best work (Johnson 8). Twains characters had or wanted an extraordinary ability to dominate the worlds in which they find themselves (Johnson 1). Twain had little faith in a Christian God so he put more faith in the self. Johnson also thought Twains bitterness increased as he unearthed that the larger and more masterful the Self became, the less benevolent he was likely to be (Johnson 7). Although Twains life was common because it had limits he envisioned a character who might not have to make those accommodations, a hero who might break out of the prison of limitations into a brighter life (Johnson 187). Frustration with the world, hence a caustic temperament, arose as time wore on but Twain never lost sight and hoped for mastery over it and freedom (Johnson 189). In 1907 Bernard Shaw remarked to Archibald Henderson that, Mark Twain and I find ourselves in the same position. We have to make people, who would otherwise hang us, believe that we are joking (Clemens 5). This point is well illustrated by the fearless Twain in this excerpt from Mark Twains Jest Book: In the spring of 1899, I was one of a crowd of some 1200 who attended at the Waldorf-Astoria in New York to hear a lecture on his adventures in the South Africa War given by a Lieutenant of Huzzars, one Winston Churchill

How to Write a Sample Short Essay About Life - Learn How to Think Like a Pro!

How to Write a Sample Short Essay About Life - Learn How to Think Like a Pro!If you are like most people, then you would love to be able to write a short sample essay about life. Yes, you have read my title correctly.But how to write a short essay about life without actually getting up and go on stage? You have read my words and are ready to strike the interview for employment right now. So, what should you do? Well, if you are like most people, then I suggest that you must take the necessary action in order to make your writing skills great.A good writer has great writing skills. So, it is only logical that a person who excels in writing also excels in life. And the truth is that you can learn some writing tips which would allow you to write like a pro.Since this essay will be similar to the ones you may write in college, your objective is to write an essay that is easy to read and easy to write. This would mean that you must not let your thoughts turn from the subject at hand into other subjects. You must first remain focused on your topic, but also let the rest of your thoughts flow freely.In order to get started, you must first focus on the important facts that are related to your topic. Keep your writing fresh and you will soon learn that the mind has such a natural tendency to remember those facts that matter. The next thing that you should focus on is how you will present these facts in a concise way.Write down a key point or an important fact that you feel you must have to mention. Then use your writing style to explain the relevance of this key point to your topic. This will allow you to convey the essence of the fact, which will help to form a strong argument.For writing this essay, you should learn that no matter how much you need to compose this essay, the aim is to keep it simple and clear. Yes, this means that you should avoid using fancy words, but avoid making it too long as well. This is to ensure that you only explain the key points and that i s all.

Arent Animals Victims Too Professor Ramos Blog

Arent Animals Victims Too Aren’t Animals Victims Too?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When you hear the word victim who do you automatically think of? These days normally some of the first things that come to mind are the children and teachers in the latest school shooting or the woman in the film industry that finally came forward about the sexual abuse she endured a few years back. But do you ever think about animals as victims? Animals have become the forgotten victims of today’s society. What have they done to deserve this? The answer is absolutely nothing. It is impossible to have exact numbers of how many animal abuse cases there are because there are so many different fields of animal cruelty such as hoarding, bestiality, starvation, kicking, striking, etc. Animal abuse is generally defined as intentional behavior that causes pain, suffering or death of an animal (Ascione Shapiro, 570); bestiality and negligence are usually included. When animal cruelty is brought to public attention, people search for the best options to deal with such events. Tips on recognition of animal cruelty can be easily found with a quick online search. Additionally, legislation criminalizing this behavior already exists on a state by state basis, but these do nothing to prevent the problem. Early detection and treatment for those who are inclined toward these actions of animal abuse should be the first step. Since late 19th century every state has added to its own anti-cruelty statute. Most states rely on the same concept of animal cruelty in current legislation, more commonly human actions that inflict pain or suffering on any non-human animal. Each state’s anti-cruelty law has different definitions of â€Å"animal† adopted in their laws. For example, California’s anti- cruelty law states that its requirements apply to â€Å"any mammal, bird, reptile, amphibian or fish† (California Penal Code 2014). As a result, any violation of this law allows for a misdemeanor or felony charge with or without a fine up to $20,000. More than 50% of state statues also include in anti-cruelty legislation a requirement for counseling as part of sentencing; the convicted party is responsible for the costs of such therapies. While legislation is vital and necessary for the criminalizing of animal abuse, laws do nothing to prevent this behavior. Only recently has there been scientific study of animal abuse by people, beginning in the 1970s. The psychiatric community has been researching animal cruelty as a predictor of future human aggression and impersonal violence. Since that time studies have been conducted suggesting that childhood animal cruelty predicts future interpersonal violence (Holoyda and Newman 134). In 2000, animal abuse became a sign of conduct disorder according to the American Psychiatric Association. This information then led to studies in youths as a subtype of conduct disorder. Behavior of those with conduct disorder also often includes setting fires, bullying, and forced sex (Ascione and Shapiro 573). Conduct disorder is defined as children or adolescents that have a range of antisocial behavior. It has been shown that children diagnosed with conduct disorder often have a history of abuse.   Physically and sexually abused children are more likely to become abusers of animals themselves (Boat et al. 813). Children known to have conduct disorder are twice as likely to have been sexually abused themselves; this relationship is consistent and documented (Boat et al. 817). Children with conduct disorders are not the only individuals that show abusive behaviors. Conduct disorder is recognized as a prerequisite for the diagnosis of Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD) in adults; Gleyzer et al discuss a significant relationship in the article Animal Cruelty and Psychiatric Disorders (260).   Reef et al also discuss conduct disorders, noting that conduct problems are predictive of future disruptive disorders for up to 24 years (1121). Predictive behaviors linked to animal cruelty and a pattern of events that can lead to conduct disorders make recognition of high risk individuals easily accomplished. If the potential for animal cruelty is identified, there are services already available that could serve as a framework for prevention strategies. Programs currently available are designed to work with at risk youth that vary in intensity and duration. Examples of these programs include: Forget-Me-not farm provides an after school program specifically for at risk children and families in violent communities, were participants are taught the responsible care of animals (Ascione and Shapiro 580). PAL (People and Animals Learning) is a day camp for at risk youth that allows youth to gain life experience while working in animal shelters and wildlife rehabilitation centers (Ascione and Shapiro 580). Project Second Chance teaches compassion, gentleness and accountability by pairing adolescents with shelter dogs, while also fostering healthy social interaction. An increase in higher adoption rates was also seen (Ascione and Shapiro 580). Anicare and Anicare Child are outpatient programs aimed at families already identified with having a history of animal abuse. These families do not include those who have already been diagnosed with major psychotic disorders and offer cognitive and behavioral therapies; children are better able to empathize with animals and create health attachments (Ascione and Shapiro 582). Green Chimneys is a live in program for disturbed children that include those who abuse animals. Children live at a working farm for a period of time; individual and group therapies are offered in addition to other activities (Ascione and Shapiro 582). Many of these types of programs are products of networks established with various human service, criminal justice, educational, and humane societies and shelters (Ascione and Shapiro 580).   Even with programs like these, and with the availability of mental healthcare, only approximately 50% of children and adolescents with mental disorders will get treatment.   Although conduct disorders represent only 2.1 percent of disorders overall, this shows a significant lack of treatment that could serve as prevention toward animal cruelty as a whole. To break the cycle of animal directed violence and impact the prevention of animal cruelty it is important to address the complex nature of abusive home environments where cruelty to animals is occurring. These events are often predicated by various types of abuse in future offenders, and recognition of abuse in children and of other key behaviors by these children is vital to prevent future animal cruelty. While society is primed act on behalf of abused animals with legalistic activity, very little has been accomplished to truly address the problem. Ascione, Frank R. and Kenneth Shapiro. People and Animals, Kindness and Cruelty: Research Directions and Policy Implications.  Journal of Social Issues, vol. 65, no. 3, Sept. 2009, pp. 569-587. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.2009.01614.x. This article â€Å"People and Animals, Kindness and Cruelty: Research Directions and Policy Implications† gives many examples in ways to prevent childhood conduct disorders and as a symptom of that animal cruelty. Examples include education, at-risk populations, and intervention and treatment; terms and definitions are provided. This article provides the framework for my purposed solution/prevention of animal cruelty.   This is a scholarly published literature review that provides expert conclusions. Boat, Barbara W., et al. Childhood Cruelty to Animals: Psychiatric and Demographic Correlates.  Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment Trauma, vol. 20, no. 7, Oct. 2011, pp. 812-819. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1080/10926771.2011.610773. This article, â€Å"Childhood Cruelty to Animals: Psychiatric and Demographic Correlates.† focuses on the data that supports the correlation between animal cruelty and mental illness in children. The article finds that children who perpetrate cruelty to animals are at risk for further conduct- disordered behavior. I am using the data and paraphrasing some of the conclusions to support my argument. This source is credible because it is a retrospective study that is published in a scholarly journal. Gleyzer, Roman M.D., et al. Animal Cruelty and Psychiatric Disorders.  Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry the Law, vol. 30, no. 2, 2002, pp. 257-265. EBSCOhost,  0-search.ebscohost.com.catalog.llu.edu/login.aspx?direct=truedb=sihAN=SM195963site=ehost-livescope=site. â€Å"Animal Cruelty and Psychiatric Disorders† is a retrospective study that examines psychiatric disorders and animal cruelty. Animal cruelty is one of several antisocial behaviors related to conduct disorders in childhood. I am using this article to support the argument that correlates animal cruelty and psychiatric disorders.   This source is credible because it is a retrospective study that is published in a scholarly journal. Holoyda, Brian J. and William J. Newman. Childhood Animal Cruelty, Bestiality, and the Link to Adult Interpersonal Violence.  International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, vol. 47, Jul-Aug, 2016, pp. 129-135. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1016/j.ijlp.2016.02.017. Review of this article provided information about the history of animal protection laws, current California law and the link to psychiatric interest into animal cruelty. Holoyda and Newman draw a link between childhood animal cruelty and future violence. I am using this article to support the need for prevention of childhood animal cruelty. This is a scholarly published article written by professors of psychiatry at UC Davis School of Medicine and Saint Louis University School of Medicine Merikangas, Kathleen Ries. â€Å"Prevelence and Treatment of Mental Disorders Among Us Children in the 2001-2004 NHANES.† Pediatrics,vol.125,no.1, 2010, pp. 75-81. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1542/peds.2008-2598. This cross sectional survey shows how many children got treatments for specific mental disorders. This is the first step in creating a national database for mental health in children and teenagers. I used it to show that children with conduct disorders are not getting the treatment that they need. This source is credible because it is a cross sectional survey conducted by mental health professionals, published in a scholarly journal, and referenced in the National Institute of Health. Reef, Joni, et al. Childrens Problems Predict Adults DSM-IV Disorders across 24 Years.  Journal of the American Academy of Child Adolescent Psychiatry, vol. 49, no. 11, 01 Nov. 2010, pp. 1117-1124. EBSCOhost,  0-search.ebscohost.com.catalog.llu.edu/login.aspx?direct=truedb=ericAN=EJ944512site=ehost-livescope=site. Mood disorders are predicted by conduct problems in children. The same children are at high risk for DSM-IV diagnoses as adults. Disruptive disorders are predicted for up to 24 years. This will support my idea that identifying and treating conduct problems in children will help alleviate the issue of animal cruelty. This article was a research study by experts in child and adolescent psychiatry.

Rhetorical Definition and Examples of Persuasion

Rhetorical Definition and Examples of Persuasion Persuasion is the use of appeals to reasons, values, beliefs, and emotions to convince a listener or reader to think or act in a particular way. Adjective: persuasive.  Aristotle defined rhetoric as the ability to discover the available means of persuasion in each of the three kinds of oratory: deliberative, judicial, and epideictic. Persuasive Writing Techniques 30 Topics for a Persuasive Essay or Speech40 Writing Topics: Argument and Persuasion ApologiaAppealArgument Artistic Proofs and Inartistic Proofs The Art of Persuasion, by John Quincy AdamsConfirmation BiasDefinitions of RhetoricDramatismExhortationHortatory DiscourseHow to Write an Effective Ad, by Ulysses G. ManningIdentificationKairosLogical ProofMotivated SequencePathos and Persuasion: The Validity of Emotional AppealsPhronesisPropagandaPropositionRhetorical MoveRogerian ArgumentSpin EtymologyFrom the Latin, to persuade The Art of Literary Persuasion Character [ethos] may almost be called the most effective means of persuasion.(Aristotle, Rhetoric)Oral delivery aims at persuasion and making the listener believe he has been converted. Few persons are capable of being convinced; the majority allow themselves to be persuaded.(Johann Wolfgang von Goethe)[F]or the purposes of persuasion the art of speaking relies wholly on three things: the proof of our allegations, the winning of our hearers favors, and the rousing of their feelings to whatever impulse our case may require. (Cicero, De Oratore)There is nothing in the world like a persuasive speech to fuddle the mental apparatus and upset the convictions and debauch the emotions of an audience not practiced in the tricks and delusions of oratory. (Mark Twain, The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg. Harpers Monthly, Dec. 1899)He who wants to persuade should put his trust not in the right argument, but in the right word. The power of sound has always been greater than the power of sense. (Jo seph Conrad, A Familiar Preface. The Collected Works of Joseph Conrad) The best way to persuade people is with your earsby listening to them. (attributed to Dean Rusk) The Persuasive Process   When we try to persuade, we use the arguments, images, and emotions most likely to appeal to the particular  audience  in front of us.  Rhetoricians  who teach the art of persuasion have always instructed their students to treat different audiences differently, to study their distinctive and peculiar commitments, sentiments, and beliefs. (Bryan Garsten,  Saving Persuasion: A Defense of Rhetoric and Judgment. Harvard University Press, 2006)  All language can in a sense be regarded as persuasive (cf., e.g., Miller 1980). However, in this context we limit the definition of persuasion to all linguistic behavior that attempts to either change the thinking or behavior of an audience, or to strengthen its beliefs, should the audience already agree. Yet the audiencesvisible and invisible, actual and implied, interlocutors and onlookersalso contribute to the process of persuasion. (Tuija Virtanen and  Helena Halmari, Persuasion Across Genres: Emerging Perspectives.  Persua sion Across Genres: A Linguistic Approach. John Benjamins, 2005)     Technology has made the audience a prominent feature in the persuasive process. Audiences play an active role in the co-creation of meaning. Persuaders use audience analysis to understand their audiences and adapt their messages. At the same time, technology makes it possible for audiences to circumvent the messages of persuaders and communicate directly with other audience members. In short, the audience for todays media is potentially large, anonymous, and able to circumvent the persuasive messages of producers. (Timothy A. Borchers, Persuasion the Media Age, 3rd ed. Waveland Press, 2013) Persuasion in Advertising The real  persuaders  are our appetites, our fears and above all our vanity. The skillful propagandist stirs and coaches these internal persuaders. (attributed to Eric Hoffer)If youre trying to  persuade  people to do something, or buy something, it seems to me you should use their language, the language they use every day, the language in which they think. We try to write in the  vernacular. (David Ogilvy,  Confessions of an Advertising Man, 1963)â€Å"VVs NoCoat campaign . . . did what all ads are supposed to do: create an anxiety relievable by purchase.†Ã‚  (David Foster Wallace,  Infinite Jest. Little Brown, 1996) Persuasion in Government [I]n a republican nation, whose citizens are to be led by reason and  persuasion, and not by force, the art of reasoning becomes of first importance. (Thomas Jefferson, 1824. Quoted by James L. Golden and Alan L. Golden in  Thomas Jefferson and the Rhetoric of Virtue. Rowman Littlefield, 2002) Men are not governed by justice, but by law or  persuasion. When they refuse to be governed by law or persuasion, they have to be governed by force or fraud, or both. (Lord Summerhays in  Misalliance  by George Bernard Shaw, 1910) The Lighter Side of Persuasion A man in  Phoenix calls his son in New York the day before Thanksgiving and says, I hate to ruin your day, but I have to tell you that your mother and I are divorcing; forty-five years of misery is enough. Pop, what are you talking about? the son screams.We cant stand the sight of each other any longer, the old man says. Were sick of each other, and Im sick of talking about this, so you call your sister in Chicago and tell her..Frantic, the son calls his sister, who explodes on the phone. Like heck theyre getting divorced, she shouts. Ill take care of this.She calls Phoenix immediately, and screams at her father, You are NOT getting divorced. Dont do a single thing until I get there. Im calling my brother back, and well both be there tomorrow. Until then, dont do a thing, DO YOU HEAR ME? and hangs up.The old man hangs up his phone and turns to his wife. Okay, he says, theyre coming for Thanksgiving and paying their own way.(Charles Smith, Just Plain Funny. RoseDog Books, 2012) Pronunciation: pur-ZWAY-shun